๐Top-Level Korean Grammar and Expressions① ์กด๋๋ง ์์กด๋ฒ
The Subtle Trap of Apjonbeop: Grace's Slip-up in Korean Workplace
์์กด๋ฒ์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฌํ ํจ์ : ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค์ ์ค์
๊ด๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํด๋ฆญํด์ฃผ์๋ฉด ์ฝํ
์ธ ์ ์์ ๋ง์ ๋์์ด ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
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ํ๊ตญ ํ์ฌ ์ํ์ ์ต์ํด์ง๋ ค ๋ ธ๋ ฅํ๋ ์ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์ง์ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค. ํ๊ตญ์ด ๊ณต๋ถ๋ ์ด์ฌํ ํ์ง๋ง, ํ๊ตญ์ด ์กด๋๋ง์ ๋ฏธ๋ฌํจ์ ๋ ์ด๋ ค์ ๋ค.
English: Grace, a foreign employee, was trying hard to get used to Korean company life. She studied Korean diligently, but the subtleties of Korean honorifics were always a challenge.
์กด๋๋ง (jondaetmal): honorific language
๋ฏธ๋ฌํ๋ค (mimyohada): subtle
ํ๊ตญ์ธ๋ ์ด๋ ค์ํ๋ ํํ! ์์กด๋ฒ
English: Even Koreans find this expression difficult! Apjonbeop
์ค๋์ ์ฌ์ฅ๋๊ป ์ง๋ ํ๋ก์ ํธ์ ์งํ ์ํฉ์ ๋ณด๊ณ ํ๋ ์๋ฆฌ. ํจ๊ป ์ผํ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ธ๊ธํ ์ฐจ๋ก๊ฐ ์๋ค.
English: Today was a meeting to report on the progress of the boss. It was time to mention the work done by Assistant Manager Kang Mi-nyeo, who worked with her.
์ฌ์ฅ๋ (sajangnim): Boss/President
๋๋ฆฌ๋ (daeri-nim): Assistant Manager (with honorific) TOPIK Level 4
๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค๋ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ์กด์คํ๋ ๋ง์์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ ๊ฒ ๋งํ๋ค:
English: Grace, out of respect for Assistant Manager Kang Mi-nyeo, said this:
์ฌ์ฅ๋, ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ํด๋น ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ ๋ง๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ์ต๋๋ค.
Boss, Assistant Manager Kang Mi-nyeo completed the task well.
์ธ๋ป ๋ค์ผ๋ฉด ๋ฌธ์ ์์ด ๋ณด์ด์ง๋ง, ์ฌ์ฅ๋์ ์ ์ ์๊ฐํ๋ ํ์ ์ ์ง์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค๋ ์์ ์ด ์์ง ๋ชปํ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฌํ ์ค์๋ฅผ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊นจ๋ซ์ง ๋ชปํ๋ค.
English: At first glance, it seemed fine, but the boss showed a thoughtful expression for a moment. Grace didn't realize she had made a subtle mistake she wasn't aware of.
์ค์ (silsu): mistake
ํ์ ํ, ์์๋ฆฌ์ ์๋ ๋ฐ๋ฏผ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค์๊ฒ ๋ค๊ฐ์ ๋ถ๋๋ฝ๊ฒ ์ค๋ช ํด์ฃผ์๋ค.
English: After the meeting, Assistant Manager Park Min-su, who was sitting nearby, approached Grace and gently explained.
๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค, ์๊น ์ฌ์ฅ๋๊ป ๋ณด๊ณ ํ ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ์ง?
Grace, you talked about Assistant Manager Kang Mi-nyeo when reporting to the boss earlier, right?
๋ค, ๋ฏผ์ ๋๋ฆฌ๋. ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋์ด ์ ๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ ๋๋๋ค๊ณ ๋ง์๋๋ ธ์ด์.
Yes, Assistant Manager Min-su. I told him that Assistant Manager Mi-nyeo finished the task well.
๋ด์ฉ์ ๋ง๋๋ฐ, ์ฌ์ฅ๋์ฒ๋ผ ๋์ ๋ถ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ๋ํด ๋งํ ๋๋ '๋๋ฆฌ๋'์ด๋ผ๋ ์กด์นญ์ ๋ถ์ด๋ฉด ์ ๋ผ.
The content is correct, but when you speak about Assistant Manager Kang Mi-nyeo to someone high like the boss, you shouldn't attach the honorific 'Daeri-nim'.
์... ์ ๋ง ์ด๋ ต๋ค์. ์กด๋๋ง์ ์ผ๋๋ฐ ์คํ๋ ค ์๋๋ฐฉ์ ๋ฐฐ๋ คํ์ง ์์ ๋ง์ด ๋ ๊ฑฐ๊ตฐ์.
Ah... It's really difficult. I used honorifics, but it actually turned out to be a phrase that didn't consider the other person.
์์กด๋ฒ (apjonbeop): Apjonbeop (Hierarchy-based honorifics) TOPIK Level 5-6
์ง๊ธ (jikgeup): job rank/position
ํ๊ตญ์ ๋ ํนํ ์กด๋๋ฒ ์ค ํ๋๋ก, ๋งํ๋ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ๋ฃ๋ ์ฌ๋ ์ฌ์ด์ ๋ ๋์ ์์ด์ ์ฌ๋์ด ์์ ๋, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ค์ผ๋ก ๋์์ ์กด์นญ์ ๋ฎ์ถ๋ ๊ท์น์ ๋๋ค. ์ง์ฅ์์ ๋ง์ด ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋, ์ผ์์ํ์์๋ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฌ๋ผ์ง๊ณ ์์ต๋๋ค.
English: One of Korea's unique honorific rules, when there is a person of higher rank between the speaker and the listener, the honorific of the subject is lowered based on the higher-ranked person. It is widely used in the workplace but is gradually disappearing from daily life.
์์กด๋ฒ (ๅฃๅฐๆณ) ์ด๋? What is Apjonbeop?
์์กด๋ฒ์ด๋, ๋ฃ๋ ์ด(listener)๊ฐ ๋งํ๋ ์ด(speaker)๋ณด๋ค ๋๊ณ , ๋งํ๋ ์ด๊ฐ ์ด๋ค ๋์์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐํ ๋ ๊ทธ ๋์์ด ๋ฃ๋ ์ด๋ณด๋ค ๋ฎ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ, ๋์์ ๋์ด์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฎ์ถ์ด ๋งํ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด์ ๋ ํนํ ์กด๋๋ฒ์น์ด๋ค.
English: Apjonbeop (ๅฃๅฐๆณ) is a unique Korean honorific rule where, if the listener is higher than the speaker, and the person being spoken about is lower than the listener, the speaker lowers the rank/honorific used for the person being spoken about, rather than raising it.
์ฆ, ์ฌ์ฅ๋(๋ฃ๋ ์ด)๊ป ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋(๋์)์ ๋ํด ๋งํ ๋, ์ฌ์ฅ๋์ด ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋๋ณด๋ค ๋์ผ๋ฏ๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฏธ๋ ๋๋ฆฌ๋์ ๋์ฌ ๋ถ๋ฅด์ง ์๋ ๊ฒ.
English: That is, when speaking *to* the boss (listener) *about* Assistant Manager Kang Mi-nyeo (the subject), you do not use high honorifics for Assistant Manager Kang Mi-nyeo because the boss is higher than her.
๋ฃ๋ ์ด (deunneun i): listener
๋งํ๋ ์ด (malhaneun i): speaker
๋์ (daesang): subject (person being spoken about)
์ํฉ (sanghwang): situation/context
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์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ธ ์ ์๋ ๊ตํ | Lessons We Can Learn
- ํํ์ ๋ฌธ์๋ณด๋ค ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด ์ค์ํ๋ค. → Context over literal words.
- ๋ชจํธํ ๋ง์ ํ์ธ์ด ํ์๋ค. → Clarify ambiguous expressions.
- ๋ฌธ์ํ์ ํผ๋๋ฐฑ์ ์ค์๋ฅผ ์ค์ธ๋ค. → Written feedback helps prevent errors.
- ๋ค๋ฌธํ ๊ฐ์์ฑ์ ๊ธ๋ก๋ฒ ์ ๋ฌด์ ํ์๋ค. → Cultural sensitivity is key in global teams.
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