πŸ”€ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ κ΄€ν˜•μ‚¬ν˜• μ–΄λ―Έ(adnominal endings) : λ¨ΉλŠ”? 먹은? 먹을? 먹던?

🎬 ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ¬Έλ²•μ˜ 함정: '-λŠ”, -(으)γ„΄, -(으)γ„Ή, -던' ν—·κ°ˆλ¦¬μ§€ μ•Šκ³  λͺ…사 κΎΈλ―ΈκΈ°! | Korean Grammar Pitfalls: Modifying Nouns with -λŠ”, -(으)γ„΄, -(으)γ„Ή, -던 Without Confusion! πŸ”

🎬'-λŠ”, -(으)γ„΄, -(으)γ„Ή, -던' ν—·κ°ˆλ¦¬μ§€ 말자!| Modifying Nouns with -λŠ”, -(으)γ„΄, -(으)γ„Ή, -던 Without Confusion! πŸ”

TOPIK Level: Intermediate-Advanced (Level 4-5) A visual guide to Korean adnominal endings showing a confusing path.

μ•ˆλ…•ν•˜μ„Έμš”! κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ†’μž„λ§μ˜ 세계λ₯Ό νƒν—˜ν•˜λ©° λ…Έλ ₯ν–ˆμ£ ? πŸ’ͺ λ†’μž„λ§λ§ŒνΌμ΄λ‚˜ λ§Žμ€ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ €μ›Œν•˜κ³ , 심지어 ν•œκ΅­μΈλ“€λ„ μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° ν—·κ°ˆλ € ν•˜λŠ” 문법 μ˜μ—­μ΄ 또 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ°”λ‘œ λ™μ‚¬λ‚˜ ν˜•μš©μ‚¬κ°€ λͺ…사λ₯Ό 꾸며쀄 λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ν˜•νƒœλ“€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.

Hello! We've worked hard exploring the world of Korean honorifics, right? πŸ’ͺ Just as much as honorifics, there's another grammar area that many Korean learners find difficult, and even Koreans get confused explaining. These are the various forms used when verbs or adjectives modify nouns.


μ˜μ–΄μ˜ κ΄€κ³„λŒ€λͺ…μ‚¬μ²˜λŸΌ μ–΄λ–€ λͺ…사λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κ³  싢을 λ•Œ, ν•œκ΅­μ–΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λ™μ‚¬λ‚˜ ν˜•μš©μ‚¬ 어간에 '-λŠ”', '-(으)γ„΄', '-(으)γ„Ή', '-던' 같은 μ–΄λ―Έλ₯Ό λΆ™μ—¬μ„œ λͺ…사 μ•žμ— λ†“μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 간단해 λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, λ™μž‘μ˜ μ‹œμ œλ‚˜ μƒνƒœ, μ™„λ£Œ μ—¬λΆ€, 그리고 ν™”μžμ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ΄λ‚˜ νšŒμƒ 등에 따라 μ–΄λ–€ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 써야 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€κ°€ μ•„μ£Ό λ³΅μž‘ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.

Like relative pronouns in English, when you want to describe a noun, in Korean, you attach endings like '-neun', '-(eu)n', '-(eu)l', and '-deon' to the stem of a verb or adjective and place it before the noun. It seems simple, but which form to use changes complexly depending on the tense of the action, its state, completion, and the speaker's experience or recollection.


였늘 μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 마이크의 μ§ˆλ¬Έμ„ 따라가며, 이 λ„€ κ°€μ§€ 'κ΄€ν˜•μ‚¬ν˜• μ–΄λ―Έ'의 μ •ν™•ν•œ μ‚¬μš©λ²•κ³Ό λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό μ§‘μ€‘μ μœΌλ‘œ νŒŒν—€μ³ λ³΄κ² μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 'λ¨ΉλŠ” λΉ΅', '먹은 λΉ΅', '먹을 λΉ΅', '먹던 λΉ΅' 쀑에 μ–΄λ–€ 빡을 κ³ λ₯΄μ‹œκ² μ–΄μš”? πŸ˜‰

Today, following Mike's question, we will intensively delve into the correct usage and subtle differences of these four 'adnominal endings'. Among 'λ¨ΉλŠ” λΉ΅ (the bread being eaten)', '먹은 λΉ΅ (the bread that was eaten)', '먹을 λΉ΅ (the bread to be eaten)', and '먹던 λΉ΅ (the bread that one used to eat)', which would you choose? πŸ˜‰

κ΄€λ ¨ κ²Œμ‹œλ¬Ό: ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ 문법 μ‹€μˆ˜ μ€„μ΄λŠ” 법

πŸ€” 마이크의 질문: "어릴 λ•Œ 살은 μ§‘ vs μ‚΄λ˜ μ§‘?"

πŸ€” Mike's Question: "The house I lived in (sal-eun) vs The house I used to live in (sal-deon)?"

πŸ§” Mike:

그레이슀, 이 사진 μ’€ λ΄μš”! μ œκ°€ 어릴 λ•Œ κ°€μ‘±μ΄λž‘ 같이 살은 μ§‘μ΄μ—μš”. 예쁘죠?

Grace, look at this photo! It's the house I lived in (sal-eun) with my family when I was little. It's pretty, right?

πŸ’ƒ Grace:

와~ 사진 속 μ§‘ λ„ˆλ¬΄ μ •κ²Ήλ‹€! 😊 근데 마이크, '살은 μ§‘'λ³΄λ‹€λŠ” 'μ‚΄λ˜ μ§‘'이라고 ν•˜λŠ” 게 훨씬 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μ›Œμš”. μ–΄μ œ 먹은 λΉ΅, μ§€λ‚œμ£Όμ— λ³Έ μ˜ν™”μ²˜λŸΌ λλ‚œ κ³Όκ±° μΌμ—λŠ” '-(으)γ„΄'을 μ“°λŠ” 게 λ§žλŠ”λ°, 'μ‚΄λ‹€' 같은 λ™μ‚¬λŠ” μ’€ λ‹¬λΌμš”.

Wow~ The house in the photo looks so cozy! 😊 But Mike, saying 'μ‚΄λ˜ μ§‘ (saldeon jip)' sounds much more natural than '살은 μ§‘ (sareun jip)'. It's correct to use '-(eu)n' for past actions that are finished, like 'the bread I ate yesterday' or 'the movie I watched last week'. But verbs like 'to live' are a bit different.

πŸ§” Mike:

μ—‡, μ™œμš”? '어릴 λ•Œ μ‚΄λ‹€'λŠ” λͺ…λ°±νžˆ 과거에 λλ‚œ λ™μž‘ μ•„λ‹Œκ°€μš”? '먹은 λΉ΅'μ΄λž‘ '살은 μ§‘'은 μ™œ λ‹€λ₯΄μ£ ? γ… γ… 

Oh, why? Isn't 'living when I was little' clearly a past action that's finished? Why is 'the bread I ate' different from 'the house I lived in'? γ… γ… 

πŸ’ƒ Grace:

마이크의 ν˜Όλž€, μ•„μ£Ό μ •μƒμ΄μ—μš”! 😊 λ°”λ‘œ μ—¬κΈ°κ°€ '-λŠ”, -(으)γ„΄, -(으)γ„Ή, -던' λ„€ κ°€μ§€ μ–΄λ―Έκ°€ κ°€μ§„ μ‹œμ œμ™€ μƒνƒœ, 그리고 λ―Έλ¬˜ν•œ λ‰˜μ•™μŠ€μ˜ 차이 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄μ£ . 특히 '-던'은 과거의 κ²½ν—˜μ΄λ‚˜ νšŒμƒ, λ˜λŠ” λ°˜λ³΅λ˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ™„μ „νžˆ λλ‚˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λ˜ 일을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό λ•Œ 자주 μ“°μ—¬μ„œ 더 ν—·κ°ˆλ €μš”.

Your confusion is completely normal, Mike! 😊 This is exactly because of the differences in tense, state, and subtle nuances of the four endings: '-neun', '-(eu)n', '-(eu)l', and '-deon'. Especially '-deon' is often used to indicate past experiences, recollections, or actions that were repeated or not completely finished, which makes it even more confusing.

κ΄€λ ¨ κ²Œμ‹œλ¬Ό: ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ 발음과 철자의 차이

πŸ”ͺ λͺ…사λ₯Ό κΎΈλ―ΈλŠ” 동사/ν˜•μš©μ‚¬ (-λŠ”, -(으)γ„΄, -(으)γ„Ή, -던) ν•΄λΆ€

πŸ”ͺ Dissecting Verbs/Adjectives Modifying Nouns (-neun, -(eu)n, -(eu)l, -deon)

1. 동사 (Verbs) + κ΄€ν˜•μ‚¬ν˜• μ–΄λ―Έ

-λŠ” (ν˜„μž¬ / Present): ν˜„μž¬ μ§„ν–‰ 쀑인 λ™μž‘ λ˜λŠ” λ³€ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” 일반적인 사싀을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Indicates an ongoing action in the present or a general, unchanging fact.

μ§€κΈˆ μ½λŠ” μ±… (The book I am reading now)

맀일 μ•„μΉ¨ μš΄λ™μ„ ν•˜λŠ” μ‚¬λžŒ (A person who exercises every morning)

-(으)γ„΄ (κ³Όκ±° μ™„λ£Œ / Past Completed): 과거에 이미 μ™„λ£Œλœ λ™μž‘μ„ λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Indicates an action that was already completed in the past.

μ–΄μ œ λ³Έ μ˜ν™” (The movie I saw yesterday)

λ§ˆμ΄ν¬κ°€ 이미 먹은 점심 (The lunch that Mike already ate)

-(으)γ„Ή (미래 / Future): 미래의 λ™μž‘, κ³„νš, μΆ”μΈ‘, κ°€λŠ₯성을 λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Indicates a future action, plan, guess, or possibility.

내일 λ§Œλ‚  친ꡬ (The friend I will meet tomorrow)

μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ‚΄ μ§‘ (The house we will live in)

-던 (κ³Όκ±° νšŒμƒ / Past Recollection): 과거에 λ°˜λ³΅λ˜μ—ˆκ±°λ‚˜, μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ μ™„λ£Œλ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜κ±°λ‚˜, λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ 과거의 μ–΄λ–€ μ‹œμ μ˜ μƒνƒœλ‚˜ λ™μž‘μ„ νšŒμƒν•  λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Used to recall an action that was repeated in the past, was started but not completed, or simply to recollect a state or action at a certain point in the past.

어릴 λ•Œ 자주 κ°€λ˜ 곡원 (The park I often used to go to as a child)

λ‚΄κ°€ λ§ˆμ‹œλ˜ 컀피 μ–΄λ”” κ°”μ§€? (Where did the coffee I was drinking go? - Implies I hadn't finished it)

πŸ’‘ "살은 μ§‘" vs "μ‚΄λ˜ μ§‘" - μ™œ λ‹€λ₯ΌκΉŒ?

πŸ’‘ "sal-eun jip" vs "sal-deon jip" - What's the Difference?

'μ‚΄λ‹€(to live)'λŠ” 'λ¨Ήλ‹€(to eat)'처럼 ν•œμˆœκ°„μ— λλ‚˜λŠ” λ™μž‘μ΄ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, κΈ΄ 기간에 걸쳐 μ§€μ†λ˜λŠ” ν–‰μœ„μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 과거에 μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜ 사싀을 λ‹¨μˆœ μ™„λ£Œλœ 사건('살은')으둜 ν‘œν˜„ν•˜λ©΄ μ–΄μƒ‰ν•˜κ²Œ λ“€λ¦½λ‹ˆλ‹€. λŒ€μ‹ , 과거의 νŠΉμ • κΈ°κ°„ λ™μ•ˆ μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ„ νšŒμƒν•˜λŠ” λ‰˜μ•™μŠ€λ₯Ό κ°€μ§„ '-던'을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것이 훨씬 μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. 'μ‚΄λ˜ μ§‘'은 'λ‚΄κ°€ 과거에 μ‚΄μ•˜λ˜ κ²½ν—˜μ΄ μžˆλŠ” μ§‘'μ΄λΌλŠ” 의미λ₯Ό 잘 μ „λ‹¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

Unlike a one-time action like 'λ¨Ήλ‹€ (to eat)', 'μ‚΄λ‹€ (to live)' is an action that continues over a long period. Therefore, expressing the fact of having lived in the past as a simple completed event ('살은') sounds awkward. Instead, it's much more natural to use '-던', which carries the nuance of recollecting the experience of living there for a certain period in the past. 'μ‚΄λ˜ μ§‘' effectively conveys the meaning of 'the house that I have the experience of living in before'.

κ΄€λ ¨ κ²Œμ‹œλ¬Ό: ν—·κ°ˆλ¦¬λŠ” ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λΉ„μ¦ˆλ‹ˆμŠ€ ν‘œν˜„

2. ν˜•μš©μ‚¬ (Adjectives) + κ΄€ν˜•μ‚¬ν˜• μ–΄λ―Έ

🚨 μ€‘μš”! ν˜•μš©μ‚¬λŠ” ν˜„μž¬λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό λ•Œ '-λŠ”'을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€!
🚨 Important! Adjectives DO NOT use '-neun' to indicate the present state!

μ˜ˆμœλ‹€(X) -> 예쁜(O). This is one of the most common mistakes for learners.

-(으)γ„΄ (ν˜„μž¬ μƒνƒœ / Present State): ν˜•μš©μ‚¬κ°€ λͺ…사λ₯Ό κΎΈλ°€ λ•Œ, '-(으)γ„΄'은 ν˜„μž¬μ˜ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λƒ…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
When modifying a noun, '-(eu)n' with an adjective indicates the present state.

예쁜 꽃 (A pretty flower - its current state is pretty)

쒋은 날씨 (Good weather - the weather is good now)

-던 (κ³Όκ±° νšŒμƒ / Past Recollection): 과거에 κ·ΈλŸ¬ν–ˆλ˜ μƒνƒœλ₯Ό νšŒμƒν•  λ•Œ μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆμ€ κ·Έ μƒνƒœκ°€ 아닐 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ‰˜μ•™μŠ€λ₯Ό 포함할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
Used to recall a state that was true in the past. It can imply that the state might not be true anymore.

어릴 λ•ŒλŠ” ν‚€κ°€ μž‘λ˜ 아이 (A child who used to be short - implies the child is taller now)

μž‘λ…„μ—λŠ” μ‘°μš©ν•˜λ˜ 동넀가 μ‹œλ„λŸ¬μ›Œμ‘Œλ‹€. (The neighborhood that used to be quiet last year has become noisy.)

🧐 μ˜ˆμ™Έ: μžˆλ‹€ / μ—†λ‹€ / κ³„μ‹œλ‹€

🧐 Exception: μžˆλ‹€ / μ—†λ‹€ / κ³„μ‹œλ‹€

‘μžˆλ‹€(to exist/have)’, ‘μ—†λ‹€(to not exist/not have)’, ‘κ³„μ‹œλ‹€(to exist/be - honorific)’λŠ” λ¬Έλ²•μ μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•μš©μ‚¬λ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜λ˜μ§€λ§Œ, λ™μ‚¬μ²˜λŸΌ ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ ν˜„μž¬ μ‹œμ œλ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚Ό λ•Œ '-λŠ”'을 μ‚¬μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

Although grammatically classified as adjectives, ‘μžˆλ‹€’, ‘μ—†λ‹€’, and ‘κ³„μ‹œλ‹€’ conjugate like verbs and use '-λŠ”' for the present tense.

μž¬λ―ΈμžˆλŠ” μ±… (An interesting book) | λ§›μ—†λŠ” μŒμ‹ (Tasteless food) | μ„œμšΈμ— κ³„μ‹œλŠ” ν• λ¨Έλ‹ˆ (Grandmother who is in Seoul)

κ΄€λ ¨ κ²Œμ‹œλ¬Ό: ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ λ†’μž„λ§μ˜ 어렀움

κ΄‘κ³ λ₯Ό ν΄λ¦­ν•΄μ£Όμ‹œλ©΄ μ½˜ν…μΈ  μ œμž‘μ— λ§Žμ€ 도움이 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

Clicking on the ads helps us create more content.

✏️ μ‹€μ „ μ—°μŠ΅ ν€΄μ¦ˆ | Practice Quiz!

κ΄„ν˜Έ μ•ˆμ— μ•Œλ§žμ€ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό λ„£μ–΄ λ¬Έμž₯을 μ™„μ„±ν•΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”. (-λŠ”, -(으)γ„΄, -(으)γ„Ή, -던)

Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct form. (-neun, -(eu)n, -(eu)l, -deon)

  1. μ–΄μ œ μ œκ°€ (읽닀) 읽은 책을 μΉœκ΅¬μ—κ²Œ λΉŒλ €μ€¬μ–΄μš”.
  2. (Yesterday, I lent the book I ______ to a friend.)

  3. 내일 νŒŒν‹°μ— (μž…λ‹€) μž…μ„ μ˜·μ„ 아직 λͺ» μƒ€μ–΄μš”.
  4. (I haven't bought the clothes I ______ to the party tomorrow yet.)

  5. μ €κΈ°μ„œ 좕ꡬλ₯Ό (ν•˜λ‹€) ν•˜λŠ” 아이듀이 제 λ™μƒλ“€μ΄μ—μš”.
  6. (The kids who ______ soccer over there are my younger siblings.)

  7. μ΄ˆλ“±ν•™μƒ λ•Œ 맀일 같이 (놀닀) λ†€λ˜ μΉœκ΅¬κ°€ 보고 μ‹Άμ–΄μš”.
  8. (I miss the friend I ______ with every day in elementary school.)

πŸŽ‰ κ²°λ‘  (Conclusion)

κ΄€ν˜•μ‚¬ν˜• μ–΄λ―ΈλŠ” μ²˜μŒμ—λŠ” λ³΅μž‘ν•΄ λ³΄μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, 'μ‹œμ œ(μ–Έμ œ μΌμ–΄λ‚œ 일인가?)'와 'μƒνƒœ(μ™„λ£Œλ˜μ—ˆλ‚˜, 지속/λ°˜λ³΅λ˜μ—ˆλ‚˜?)'λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€€μœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄ 훨씬 μ‰¬μ›Œμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€. 특히 '-던'은 과거의 κ²½ν—˜μ„ μ•„λ ¨ν•˜κ²Œ νšŒμƒν•˜λŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ„ μ€€λ‹€λŠ” 것을 κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜μ„Έμš”!

Adnominal endings may seem complicated at first, but they become much easier if you think based on 'tense (when did it happen?)' and 'state (was it completed, or continuous/repeated?)'. Especially remember that '-deon' gives a nuance of faintly recalling a past experience!


였늘 배운 λ‚΄μš©μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ '자주 κ°€λ˜ κ³³', 'μ–΄μ œ 먹은 μŒμ‹', 'μ•žμœΌλ‘œ 배울 것'에 λŒ€ν•΄ λ¬Έμž₯을 λ§Œλ“€μ–΄ λ³΄μ„Έμš”. μ—°μŠ΅λ§Œμ΄ μ‚΄κΈΈμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€! πŸ˜‰

Based on what you've learned today, try making sentences about 'a place you used to go often', 'food you ate yesterday', and 'things you will learn in the future'. Practice is the only way! πŸ˜‰

κ΄€λ ¨ κ²Œμ‹œλ¬Ό: μ‹€μ „ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅ κΏ€νŒ

😜 ν•˜λ£¨ 5λΆ„λ§Œ νˆ¬μžν•˜λ©΄ ν•œκ΅­μ–΄λŠ” 더 이상 μ–΄λ ΅μ§€ μ•Šμ•„μš”. νž˜λ‚΄μš”!

😜 Even just 5 minutes a day makes learning Korean easier. Let’s stay strong!

© Super Real Korean. All Rights Reserved.