- 곡μ λ§ν¬ λ§λ€κΈ°
- X
- μ΄λ©μΌ
- κΈ°ν μ±
- 곡μ λ§ν¬ λ§λ€κΈ°
- X
- μ΄λ©μΌ
- κΈ°ν μ±
π¬'-λ, -(μΌ)γ΄, -(μΌ)γΉ, -λ' ν·κ°λ¦¬μ§ λ§μ!| Modifying Nouns with -λ, -(μΌ)γ΄, -(μΌ)γΉ, -λ Without Confusion! π
TOPIK Level: Intermediate-Advanced (Level 4-5)
μλ νμΈμ! κ·Έλμ νκ΅μ΄ λμλ§μ μΈκ³λ₯Ό νννλ©° λ Έλ ₯νμ£ ? πͺ λμλ§λ§νΌμ΄λ λ§μ νκ΅μ΄ νμ΅μλ€μ΄ μ΄λ €μνκ³ , μ¬μ§μ΄ νκ΅μΈλ€λ μ€λͺ νκΈ° ν·κ°λ € νλ λ¬Έλ² μμμ΄ λ μμ΅λλ€. λ°λ‘ λμ¬λ νμ©μ¬κ° λͺ μ¬λ₯Ό κΎΈλ©°μ€ λ μ¬μ©νλ λ€μν ννλ€μ λλ€.
Hello! We've worked hard exploring the world of Korean honorifics, right? πͺ Just as much as honorifics, there's another grammar area that many Korean learners find difficult, and even Koreans get confused explaining. These are the various forms used when verbs or adjectives modify nouns.
μμ΄μ κ΄κ³λλͺ μ¬μ²λΌ μ΄λ€ λͺ μ¬λ₯Ό μ€λͺ νκ³ μΆμ λ, νκ΅μ΄μμλ λμ¬λ νμ©μ¬ μ΄κ°μ '-λ', '-(μΌ)γ΄', '-(μΌ)γΉ', '-λ' κ°μ μ΄λ―Έλ₯Ό λΆμ¬μ λͺ μ¬ μμ λμ΅λλ€. κ°λ¨ν΄ 보μ΄μ§λ§, λμμ μμ λ μν, μλ£ μ¬λΆ, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ νμμ κ²½νμ΄λ νμ λ±μ λ°λΌ μ΄λ€ ννλ₯Ό μ¨μΌ νλμ§κ° μμ£Ό 볡μ‘νκ² λ¬λΌμ§λλ€.
Like relative pronouns in English, when you want to describe a noun, in Korean, you attach endings like '-neun', '-(eu)n', '-(eu)l', and '-deon' to the stem of a verb or adjective and place it before the noun. It seems simple, but which form to use changes complexly depending on the tense of the action, its state, completion, and the speaker's experience or recollection.
μ€λ μ°λ¦¬λ λ§μ΄ν¬μ μ§λ¬Έμ λ°λΌκ°λ©°, μ΄ λ€ κ°μ§ 'κ΄νμ¬ν μ΄λ―Έ'μ μ νν μ¬μ©λ²κ³Ό λ―Έλ¬ν μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό μ§μ€μ μΌλ‘ νν€μ³ λ³΄κ² μ΅λλ€. 'λ¨Ήλ λΉ΅', 'λ¨Ήμ λΉ΅', 'λ¨Ήμ λΉ΅', 'λ¨Ήλ λΉ΅' μ€μ μ΄λ€ λΉ΅μ κ³ λ₯΄μκ² μ΄μ? π
Today, following Mike's question, we will intensively delve into the correct usage and subtle differences of these four 'adnominal endings'. Among 'λ¨Ήλ λΉ΅ (the bread being eaten)', 'λ¨Ήμ λΉ΅ (the bread that was eaten)', 'λ¨Ήμ λΉ΅ (the bread to be eaten)', and 'λ¨Ήλ λΉ΅ (the bread that one used to eat)', which would you choose? π
κ΄λ ¨ κ²μλ¬Ό: νκ΅μ΄ λ¬Έλ² μ€μ μ€μ΄λ λ²
π€ λ§μ΄ν¬μ μ§λ¬Έ: "μ΄λ¦΄ λ μ΄μ μ§ vs μ΄λ μ§?"
π€ Mike's Question: "The house I lived in (sal-eun) vs The house I used to live in (sal-deon)?"
π§ Mike:
κ·Έλ μ΄μ€, μ΄ μ¬μ§ μ’ λ΄μ! μ κ° μ΄λ¦΄ λ κ°μ‘±μ΄λ κ°μ΄ μ΄μ μ§μ΄μμ. μμμ£ ?
Grace, look at this photo! It's the house I lived in (sal-eun) with my family when I was little. It's pretty, right?
π Grace:
μ~ μ¬μ§ μ μ§ λ무 μ κ²Ήλ€! π κ·Όλ° λ§μ΄ν¬, 'μ΄μ μ§'보λ€λ 'μ΄λ μ§'μ΄λΌκ³ νλ κ² ν¨μ¬ μμ°μ€λ¬μμ. μ΄μ λ¨Ήμ λΉ΅, μ§λμ£Όμ λ³Έ μνμ²λΌ λλ κ³Όκ±° μΌμλ '-(μΌ)γ΄'μ μ°λ κ² λ§λλ°, 'μ΄λ€' κ°μ λμ¬λ μ’ λ¬λΌμ.
Wow~ The house in the photo looks so cozy! π But Mike, saying 'μ΄λ μ§ (saldeon jip)' sounds much more natural than 'μ΄μ μ§ (sareun jip)'. It's correct to use '-(eu)n' for past actions that are finished, like 'the bread I ate yesterday' or 'the movie I watched last week'. But verbs like 'to live' are a bit different.
π§ Mike:
μ, μμ? 'μ΄λ¦΄ λ μ΄λ€'λ λͺ λ°±ν κ³Όκ±°μ λλ λμ μλκ°μ? 'λ¨Ήμ λΉ΅'μ΄λ 'μ΄μ μ§'μ μ λ€λ₯΄μ£ ? γ γ
Oh, why? Isn't 'living when I was little' clearly a past action that's finished? Why is 'the bread I ate' different from 'the house I lived in'? γ γ
π Grace:
λ§μ΄ν¬μ νΌλ, μμ£Ό μ μμ΄μμ! π λ°λ‘ μ¬κΈ°κ° '-λ, -(μΌ)γ΄, -(μΌ)γΉ, -λ' λ€ κ°μ§ μ΄λ―Έκ° κ°μ§ μμ μ μν, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ―Έλ¬ν λμμ€μ μ°¨μ΄ λλ¬Έμ΄μ£ . νΉν '-λ'μ κ³Όκ±°μ κ²½νμ΄λ νμ, λλ λ°λ³΅λκ±°λ μμ ν λλμ§ μμλ μΌμ λνλΌ λ μμ£Ό μ°μ¬μ λ ν·κ°λ €μ.
Your confusion is completely normal, Mike! π This is exactly because of the differences in tense, state, and subtle nuances of the four endings: '-neun', '-(eu)n', '-(eu)l', and '-deon'. Especially '-deon' is often used to indicate past experiences, recollections, or actions that were repeated or not completely finished, which makes it even more confusing.
κ΄λ ¨ κ²μλ¬Ό: νκ΅μ΄ λ°μκ³Ό μ² μμ μ°¨μ΄
πͺ λͺ μ¬λ₯Ό κΎΈλ―Έλ λμ¬/νμ©μ¬ (-λ, -(μΌ)γ΄, -(μΌ)γΉ, -λ) ν΄λΆ
πͺ Dissecting Verbs/Adjectives Modifying Nouns (-neun, -(eu)n, -(eu)l, -deon)
1. λμ¬ (Verbs) + κ΄νμ¬ν μ΄λ―Έ
-λ (νμ¬ / Present): νμ¬ μ§ν μ€μΈ λμ λλ λ³νμ§ μλ μΌλ°μ μΈ μ¬μ€μ λνλ
λλ€.
Indicates an ongoing action in the present or a general, unchanging fact.
μ§κΈ μ½λ μ± (The book I am reading now)
λ§€μΌ μμΉ¨ μ΄λμ νλ μ¬λ (A person who exercises every morning)
-(μΌ)γ΄ (κ³Όκ±° μλ£ / Past Completed): κ³Όκ±°μ μ΄λ―Έ μλ£λ λμμ λνλ
λλ€.
Indicates an action that was already completed in the past.
μ΄μ λ³Έ μν (The movie I saw yesterday)
λ§μ΄ν¬κ° μ΄λ―Έ λ¨Ήμ μ μ¬ (The lunch that Mike already ate)
-(μΌ)γΉ (λ―Έλ / Future): λ―Έλμ λμ, κ³ν, μΆμΈ‘, κ°λ₯μ±μ λνλ
λλ€.
Indicates a future action, plan, guess, or possibility.
λ΄μΌ λ§λ μΉκ΅¬ (The friend I will meet tomorrow)
μ°λ¦¬κ° μ΄ μ§ (The house we will live in)
-λ (κ³Όκ±° νμ / Past Recollection): κ³Όκ±°μ λ°λ³΅λμκ±°λ, μμνμ§λ§ μλ£λμ§ μμκ±°λ, λ¨μν κ³Όκ±°μ μ΄λ€ μμ μ μνλ λμμ νμν λ μ¬μ©λ©λλ€.
Used to recall an action that was repeated in the past, was started but not completed, or simply to recollect a state or action at a certain point in the past.
μ΄λ¦΄ λ μμ£Ό κ°λ 곡μ (The park I often used to go to as a child)
λ΄κ° λ§μλ μ»€νΌ μ΄λ κ°μ§? (Where did the coffee I was drinking go? - Implies I hadn't finished it)
π‘ "μ΄μ μ§" vs "μ΄λ μ§" - μ λ€λ₯ΌκΉ?
π‘ "sal-eun jip" vs "sal-deon jip" - What's the Difference?
'μ΄λ€(to live)'λ 'λ¨Ήλ€(to eat)'μ²λΌ νμκ°μ λλλ λμμ΄ μλλΌ, κΈ΄ κΈ°κ°μ κ±Έμ³ μ§μλλ νμμ λλ€. λ°λΌμ κ³Όκ±°μ μ΄μλ μ¬μ€μ λ¨μ μλ£λ μ¬κ±΄('μ΄μ')μΌλ‘ νννλ©΄ μ΄μνκ² λ€λ¦½λλ€. λμ , κ³Όκ±°μ νΉμ κΈ°κ° λμ μ΄μλ κ²½νμ νμνλ λμμ€λ₯Ό κ°μ§ '-λ'μ μ¬μ©νλ κ²μ΄ ν¨μ¬ μμ°μ€λ½μ΅λλ€. 'μ΄λ μ§'μ 'λ΄κ° κ³Όκ±°μ μ΄μλ κ²½νμ΄ μλ μ§'μ΄λΌλ μλ―Έλ₯Ό μ μ λ¬ν©λλ€.
Unlike a one-time action like 'λ¨Ήλ€ (to eat)', 'μ΄λ€ (to live)' is an action that continues over a long period. Therefore, expressing the fact of having lived in the past as a simple completed event ('μ΄μ') sounds awkward. Instead, it's much more natural to use '-λ', which carries the nuance of recollecting the experience of living there for a certain period in the past. 'μ΄λ μ§' effectively conveys the meaning of 'the house that I have the experience of living in before'.
κ΄λ ¨ κ²μλ¬Ό: ν·κ°λ¦¬λ νκ΅μ΄ λΉμ¦λμ€ νν
2. νμ©μ¬ (Adjectives) + κ΄νμ¬ν μ΄λ―Έ
π¨ μ€μ! νμ©μ¬λ νμ¬λ₯Ό λνλΌ λ '-λ'μ μ¬μ©νμ§ μμ΅λλ€!
π¨ Important! Adjectives DO NOT use '-neun' to indicate the present state!
μμλ€(X) -> μμ(O). This is one of the most common mistakes for learners.
-(μΌ)γ΄ (νμ¬ μν / Present State): νμ©μ¬κ° λͺ
μ¬λ₯Ό κΎΈλ° λ, '-(μΌ)γ΄'μ νμ¬μ μνλ₯Ό λνλ
λλ€.
When modifying a noun, '-(eu)n' with an adjective indicates the present state.
μμ κ½ (A pretty flower - its current state is pretty)
μ’μ λ μ¨ (Good weather - the weather is good now)
-λ (κ³Όκ±° νμ / Past Recollection): κ³Όκ±°μ κ·Έλ¬νλ μνλ₯Ό νμν λ μ¬μ©ν©λλ€. μ§κΈμ κ·Έ μνκ° μλ μλ μλ€λ λμμ€λ₯Ό ν¬ν¨ν μ μμ΅λλ€.
Used to recall a state that was true in the past. It can imply that the state might not be true anymore.
μ΄λ¦΄ λλ ν€κ° μλ μμ΄ (A child who used to be short - implies the child is taller now)
μλ μλ μ‘°μ©νλ λλ€κ° μλλ¬μμ‘λ€. (The neighborhood that used to be quiet last year has become noisy.)
π§ μμΈ: μλ€ / μλ€ / κ³μλ€
π§ Exception: μλ€ / μλ€ / κ³μλ€
‘μλ€(to exist/have)’, ‘μλ€(to not exist/not have)’, ‘κ³μλ€(to exist/be - honorific)’λ λ¬Έλ²μ μΌλ‘ νμ©μ¬λ‘ λΆλ₯λμ§λ§, λμ¬μ²λΌ νμ©νμ¬ νμ¬ μμ λ₯Ό λνλΌ λ '-λ'μ μ¬μ©ν©λλ€.
Although grammatically classified as adjectives, ‘μλ€’, ‘μλ€’, and ‘κ³μλ€’ conjugate like verbs and use '-λ' for the present tense.
μ¬λ―Έμλ μ± (An interesting book) | λ§μλ μμ (Tasteless food) | μμΈμ κ³μλ ν λ¨Έλ (Grandmother who is in Seoul)
κ΄λ ¨ κ²μλ¬Ό: νκ΅μ΄ λμλ§μ μ΄λ €μ
κ΄κ³ λ₯Ό ν΄λ¦ν΄μ£Όμλ©΄ μ½ν μΈ μ μμ λ§μ λμμ΄ λ©λλ€.
Clicking on the ads helps us create more content.
✏️ μ€μ μ°μ΅ ν΄μ¦ | Practice Quiz!
κ΄νΈ μμ μλ§μ ννλ₯Ό λ£μ΄ λ¬Έμ₯μ μμ±ν΄ 보μΈμ. (-λ, -(μΌ)γ΄, -(μΌ)γΉ, -λ)
Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks with the correct form. (-neun, -(eu)n, -(eu)l, -deon)
- μ΄μ μ κ° (μ½λ€) μ½μ μ± μ μΉκ΅¬μκ² λΉλ €μ€¬μ΄μ.
- (Yesterday, I lent the book I ______ to a friend.)
- λ΄μΌ νν°μ (μ λ€) μ μ μ·μ μμ§ λͺ» μμ΄μ.
- (I haven't bought the clothes I ______ to the party tomorrow yet.)
- μ κΈ°μ μΆκ΅¬λ₯Ό (νλ€) νλ μμ΄λ€μ΄ μ λμλ€μ΄μμ.
- (The kids who ______ soccer over there are my younger siblings.)
- μ΄λ±νμ λ λ§€μΌ κ°μ΄ (λλ€) λλ μΉκ΅¬κ° λ³΄κ³ μΆμ΄μ.
- (I miss the friend I ______ with every day in elementary school.)
π κ²°λ‘ (Conclusion)
κ΄νμ¬ν μ΄λ―Έλ μ²μμλ 볡μ‘ν΄ λ³΄μ΄μ§λ§, 'μμ (μΈμ μΌμ΄λ μΌμΈκ°?)'μ 'μν(μλ£λμλ, μ§μ/λ°λ³΅λμλ?)'λ₯Ό κΈ°μ€μΌλ‘ μκ°νλ©΄ ν¨μ¬ μ¬μμ§λλ€. νΉν '-λ'μ κ³Όκ±°μ κ²½νμ μλ ¨νκ² νμνλ λλμ μ€λ€λ κ²μ κΈ°μ΅νμΈμ!
Adnominal endings may seem complicated at first, but they become much easier if you think based on 'tense (when did it happen?)' and 'state (was it completed, or continuous/repeated?)'. Especially remember that '-deon' gives a nuance of faintly recalling a past experience!
μ€λ λ°°μ΄ λ΄μ©μ λ°νμΌλ‘ μ¬λ¬λΆμ΄ 'μμ£Ό κ°λ κ³³', 'μ΄μ λ¨Ήμ μμ', 'μμΌλ‘ λ°°μΈ κ²'μ λν΄ λ¬Έμ₯μ λ§λ€μ΄ 보μΈμ. μ°μ΅λ§μ΄ μ΄κΈΈμ λλ€! π
Based on what you've learned today, try making sentences about 'a place you used to go often', 'food you ate yesterday', and 'things you will learn in the future'. Practice is the only way! π
κ΄λ ¨ κ²μλ¬Ό: μ€μ νκ΅μ΄ νμ΅ κΏν
#νκ΅μ΄λ¬Έλ² #νκ΅μ΄κ³΅λΆ #ν ν½ #κ΄νμ¬νμ΄λ―Έ #μ€μ νκ΅μ΄ #νκ΅μ΄κΏν
#KoreanGrammar #LearnKorean #TOPIK #AdnominalEndings #KoreanLanguage #StudyKorean
#ιε½θͺεεΌ· #ιε½θͺ #ζζ³ #ζ₯ζ¬θͺε¦ηΏ #ιε½θͺεεΏθ
#ιε½θͺγ¬γγΉγ³
#ιζ #θͺζ³ #εΈηΏιζ #ιθͺζεΈ #ιθͺζζ³ #ιθͺεΈηΏ
#ΰ€ोΰ€°िΰ€―ाΰ€ #ΰ€΅्ΰ€―ाΰ€ΰ€°ΰ€£ #ΰ€ोΰ€°िΰ€―ाΰ€ΰ€ाΰ€·ा #ΰ€ोΰ€°िΰ€―ाΰ€ΰ€Έीΰ€ें #ΰ€ोΰ€ͺिΰ€ #ΰ€ोΰ€°िΰ€―ाΰ€ΰ€Έंΰ€Έ्ΰ€ृΰ€€ि
#Coreano #AprenderCoreano #GramaticaCoreana #IdiomaCoreano #EstudiarCoreano #TOPIKExamen
#CorΓ©en #ApprendreLeCorΓ©en #GrammaireCorΓ©enne #LangueCorΓ©enne #ΓtudierLeCorΓ©en #CultureCorΓ©enne
-(μΌ)γ΄
-(μΌ)γΉ
-λ
-λ
κ΄νμ¬ν μ΄λ―Έ
νκ΅μ΄ λ¬Έλ²
Adnominal Endings
Korean Grammar
Noun Modification
TOPIK Grammar
μμΉ:
λνλ―Όκ΅
- 곡μ λ§ν¬ λ§λ€κΈ°
- X
- μ΄λ©μΌ
- κΈ°ν μ±