๐ฅConfusing Business Korean expression⑧ ~ ์ด / ~ ํ
ํท๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด: ๋ถ์ฌ '-์ด' vs '-ํ' ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋ฒ (๊นจ๋์ด vs ๊ผผ๊ผผํ) ๐คฏ๐
์๋ ํ์ธ์! ํ๊ตญ์ด ํ์ต์ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ, ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค ๋ ๋์ฌ๋ ํ์ฉ์ฌ ๋ค์ '-์ด'๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌ์ผ ํ ์ง, '-ํ'๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ฌ์ผ ํ ์ง ํท๊ฐ๋ฆฐ ์ ์์ผ์ ๊ฐ์? ํนํ '๊นจ๋์ด'์ '๊ผผ๊ผผํ'์ฒ๋ผ ๋น์ทํ ๋๋์ธ๋ฐ๋ ๋์ด ๋ฌ๋ผ์ ๋ ์ด๋ ต๊ฒ ๋๊ปด์ง์ค ๊ฑฐ์์. ์ค๋์ ์ต๊ณ ๋ด ๊ณผ์ฅ๋๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค ์จ์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด ๊ตฌ๋ณ๋ฒ๊ณผ ์์ธ๋ฅผ ์ฝ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ฏธ์๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์๋ด ์๋ค!
Hello everyone, Korean learners! Have you ever been confused about whether to attach '-์ด' or '-ํ' after verbs or adjectives to create adverbs? It must feel even more difficult because words like '๊นจ๋์ด' (cleanly) and '๊ผผ๊ผผํ' (meticulously) have similar nuances but different endings. Today, let's learn this distinction and the exceptions easily and enjoyably through a conversation between Manager Choi Gyeo-bong and Grace!

๐ '-์ด'์ '-ํ' ๋ถ์ด๋ ๊ท์น (๊ฐ๋จํ!)
'-์ด'์ '-ํ'๋ ๋์ฌ๋ ํ์ฉ์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ, ๋๋ ์ผ๋ถ ๋ช ์ฌ ๋ค์ ๋ถ์ด ๋ถ์ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ์ ๋๋ค. ์ํ๊น๊ฒ๋ ์๋ฒฝํ๊ฒ ์ ์ฉ๋๋ ๊ท์น์ ์์ง๋ง, ๋ช ๊ฐ์ง ๊ฒฝํฅ์ ์์ด์!
'-์ด' and '-ํ' are suffixes attached to verb or adjective roots, or some nouns, to create adverbs. Unfortunately, there's no rule that applies perfectly, but there are a few tendencies!
▶️ '-์ด'๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
์ฃผ๋ก ๋ค์๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ '-์ด'๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ๋๋ค.
Mainly, '-์ด' is attached in the following cases:
1. ์ด๊ทผ ๋์ด ใ ๋ฐ์นจ์ผ๋ก ๋๋ ๋: ๊นจ๋ํ๋ค → ๊นจ๋์ด
When the root ends with the final consonant 'ใ ': to be clean → cleanly
2. ์ด๊ทผ ๋์ด ใ ๋ถ๊ท์น์ผ ๋: ๊ฐ๊น๋ค → ๊ฐ๊น์ด (ใ ์ด ์๋ก ๋ณํจ)
When the root is a 'ใ ' irregular: to be close → closely (ใ changes to ์)
3. ์ด๊ทผ ๋์ ๋ชจ์์ผ๋ก ๋๋๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ (์ผ๋ถ): ๊ฐ๋ค → ๊ฐ์ด, ๊ตณ๋ค → ๊ตณ์ด
When the root ends in a vowel (some cases): to be same → equally, to be firm → firmly
▶️ '-ํ'๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ด๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ
-ํ๋ค๋ก ๋๋๋ ๋ง์ ๋์ฌ๋ ํ์ฉ์ฌ ์ด๊ทผ ๋ค์ '-ํ'๋ฅผ ๋ถ์ ๋๋ค. ํนํ '-ํ๋ค' ์์ ๋ถ์ ๊ธ์์ ๋ฐ์นจ์ด ใฑ, ใท, ใ , ใ , ใ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ชจ์+ใ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์ต๋๋ค.
Many verb or adjective roots ending in -hada attach '-ํ'. This is often the case when the final consonant of the syllable before '-ํ๋ค' is ใฑ, ใท, ใ , ใ , ใ or a vowel + ใ .
์ ํํ๋ค → ์ ํํ (ใฑ ๋ฐ์นจ)
to be accurate → accurately (ends in ใฑ)
๊ฐํธํ๋ค → ๊ฐํธํ (ใด ๋ฐ์นจ - ์์ธ ๊ฒฝํฅ)
to be simple/convenient → simply/conveniently (ends in ใด - tendency for exceptions)
๊พธ์คํ๋ค → ๊พธ์คํ (ใด ๋ฐ์นจ - ์์ธ ๊ฒฝํฅ)
to be steady/consistent → steadily/consistently (ends in ใด - tendency for exceptions)
์ฒ์ฒํ (O) / ์ฒ์ฒ์ด (X) - slowly
๊ธํ (O) / ๊ธ์ด (X) - hurriedly
๊ฐ๋จํ (O) / ๊ฐ๋จ์ด (X) - simply
์์ ํ (O) / ์์ ์ด (X) - completely
์์ธํ (O) / ์์ธ์ด (X) - in detail
๐คฏ ์์ธ์ ํท๊ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ค (์ธ์์ผ ํด์!)
์ํ๊น๊ฒ๋ ์ ๊ท์น๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ชจ๋ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต์ต๋๋ค. ํนํ '๊นจ๋์ด'์ '๊ผผ๊ผผํ'์ฒ๋ผ ๋น์ทํ ์๋ฏธ์ ๋จ์ด๋ค๋ ๋ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋ฏธ์ฌ๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ๋ง์์. ์ด๋ฐ ๋จ์ด๋ค์ ๋ฐ๋ก ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ข์ต๋๋ค.
Unfortunately, it's difficult to distinguish all words based only on the rules above. Especially words with similar meanings like '๊นจ๋์ด' (cleanly) and '๊ผผ๊ผผํ' (meticulously) often attach different suffixes. It's best to memorize these words separately.
➡️ ๊นจ๋์ด (O) / ๊นจ๋ํ (X)
➡️ ๊ผผ๊ผผํ (O) / ๊ผผ๊ผผ์ด (X)
➡️ ์์งํ (O) / ์์ง์ด (X)
➡️ ์ด์ฌํ (O) / ์ด์ฌ์ด (X)
➡️ ์กฐ์ฉํ (O) / ์กฐ์ฉ์ด (X)
➡️ ํน๋ณํ (O) / ํน๋ณ์ด (X)
๐ฃ️ ์ต๊ณ ๋ด ๊ณผ์ฅ vs ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค ์จ (๋ํ๋ก ํ์ธ!)
์, ๊ทธ๋ผ ์ต๊ณ ๋ด ๊ณผ์ฅ๋๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋ ์ด์ค ์จ์ ๋ํ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฌ์ฉ๋๋์ง ํ์ธํด ๋ณผ๊น์?
Now, shall we check how they are used through the conversation between Manager Choi Gyeo-bong and Grace?
Grace: Manager! I cleaned my room 'kkaekkeuthi'! And I checked today's tasks 'kkomkkomee'! Did I do well?
Manager Choi: Oh, Grace! You did well with both the cleaning and checking your tasks! However, there's a slight point of improvement in the adverbial expressions. '๊นจ๋์ด' (cleanly) and '๊ผผ๊ผผํ' (meticulously) are easy to confuse.
Grace: Ah! It's difficult after all! What's different?
Manager Choi: For '๊นจ๋์ด', the root '๊นจ๋ํ๋ค' ends with the final consonant 'ใ ', so '-์ด' is attached.
Manager Choi: However, '๊ผผ๊ผผํ' attaches '-ํ' after '๊ผผ๊ผผํ๋ค'. This doesn't fit perfectly with the rule I explained earlier, but there are many cases where you just have to memorize these words.
Grace: Ah... kkaekkeusi, kkomkkomhi... It's difficult! Soljikee speaking, I'm still confused!
Manager Choi: Haha, it's okay. You just said soljikee, but ์์งํ is correct because '-ํ' is attached after '์์งํ๋ค'.
Grace: Ah! Soljikhi! Ah... I really do have to memorize them. I need to study yeolsimee!
Manager Choi: Yes! If you study ์ด์ฌํ, you will definitely get used to it! There are some words where you can attach either '-์ด' or '-ํ', but there are more words that need to be distinguished, so you have to be careful.
๐ก Key Summary ๐ก
- ✨ ์ด๊ทผ ๋์ด ใ ๋ฐ์นจ → '-์ด' (์: ๊นจ๋์ด)
- ✨ ์ด๊ทผ ๋์ด ใ ๋ถ๊ท์น → '-์ด' (์: ๊ฐ๊น์ด)
- ✨ -ํ๋ค๋ก ๋๋๋ ๋ง์ ๋จ์ด → '-ํ' (์: ์กฐ์ฉํ, ์ ํํ)
- ⚠️ ์์ธ๊ฐ ๋ง์ผ๋ ์์ฃผ ์ ํ๊ณ ์ธ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํฉ๋๋ค! (์: ๊ผผ๊ผผํ, ์์งํ, ์ด์ฌํ)
'-์ด'์ '-ํ', ์ด์ ์กฐ๊ธ ๊ฐ์ด ์ค์๋์? ๊ท์น๋ ์์ง๋ง ์์ธ๋ ๋ง์ ๊น๋ค๋ก์ด ๋ถ๋ถ์ ๋๋ค. ์ต๊ณ ๋ด ๊ณผ์ฅ๋์ ๋ง์์ฒ๋ผ ์ด์ฌํ, ๊พธ์คํ ๋ค์ํ ๋จ์ด๋ฅผ ์ ํ๋ฉฐ ์ต์ํด์ง๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ค์ํด์! ๐ช
Do you have a better feel for '-์ด' and '-ํ' now? It's a tricky part with rules but also many exceptions. As Manager Choi said, it's important to get used to them by encountering various words ์ด์ฌํ (diligently), ๊พธ์คํ (steadily)! ๐ช
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